International Journal on Humanities and Social Sciences

The Alawite Revolutions in the Era of Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him) and His Position on Them

Fadel Nour Mahdi — 2025-08-08

By studying the Alawite revolts from the end of the Umayyad rule until the Abbasid rule, we can see that these revolts were mostly a rebellion against the existing ruler. That is, the unlimited injustice and oppression of the Umayyads and Abbasids provoked the ire of the free people in society. Social upheavals occurred from time to time. People thirsting for justice, and who were dissatisfied with the corruption, oppression, and racism of the Umayyad and Abbasid rulers, sought a savior who would listen to their pain. Therefore, as soon as the banner of a revolution was raised, which was often the case at the hands of the Alawites and their masters, they would rally around it.

Situational Awareness and Its Relationship to Social Culture among Diyala University Students

Hanan Falah Hassan — 2025-08-08

The present research aims to identify the correlational relationship between situational awareness and its connection to social culture among students at the University of Diyala for the academic year 2024–2025. The research sample consisted of 378 male and female students. A Situational Awareness Scale consisting of 13 items was adopted, and a Social Culture Scale was developed consisting of 30 items. Appropriate statistical methods were employed using the SPSS program.

The researcher found a positive correlational relationship between situational awareness and social culture among the research sample.

The researcher concluded the following:

The sample demonstrated awareness of the importance of adapting to the educational environment and benefiting from mutual social support among peers.
The educational institution, represented by the University of Diyala, succeeded in providing a social and educational environment that takes into account individual differences.
The colleges involved in the study were successful in offering psychological and social support to students at the University of Diyala.

The Israeli Occupation Confronting the Human Security Requirements of Palestinians in Light of the 2023-2025 War

Dr. Yasser Abu Hamed — 2025-08-08

This study aimed to examine the extent to which the Israeli occupation has violated the requirements of human security for Palestinians during the 2023–2025 war. The descriptive-analytical method was employed, particularly within legal sciences, given the study’s dual humanitarian and legal dimensions. The study was divided into four main sections and revealed systematic and ongoing violations of the dimensions of human security for Palestinians, in clear contravention of relevant international treaties and conventions. It also highlighted a significant shortfall in the positions of major world powers regarding the war.

The study proposed a comprehensive approach to enhancing human security in Palestine, with a focus on the role of the United Nations General Assembly, empowering Palestinian civil society institutions and relevant international organizations to fulfill their humanitarian roles, supporting human rights networks, documenting violations, and submitting them to the United Nations, the International Court of Justice, and the International Criminal Court. It further emphasized the activation of transitional justice mechanisms and international criminal responsibility for Israeli leaders, who are considered suspects by the ICC for serious violations of obligations related to the maintenance of international peace and security. Additionally, the study called for rebuilding the relationship between Palestinian society and the government based on the dimensions of human security.

The study concluded with a set of recommendations at the international, regional (Arab and Islamic), and local Palestinian levels.

Innovative Leadership among Kindergarten Teachers

Huda Mahmoud Kadhim Khalaf — 2025-08-08

The current research seeks to identify innovative leadership among kindergarten teachers. To achieve the current research objectives، the researcher followed a descriptive comparative approach using a sample of (150) kindergarten teachers in Baghdad. To collect data، a questionnaire was designed to measure the level of innovative leadership dimensions among kindergarten teachers. The questionnaire consisted of five domains (sensitivity to problems، originality، fluency، flexibility، perseverance، and initiative). Each domain had (5) paragraphs، and each domain had five alternatives ranging from absolute rejection to absolute acceptance. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were verified before and after its application to the research sample. The current research concluded the following:

The level of innovative leadership dimensions among kindergarten teachers in Baghdad ranged between very good and excellent.
There were no statistically significant differences between kindergarten teachers in innovative leadership according to the age variable.
There were no statistically significant differences between kindergarten teachers in Innovative leadership according to the educational qualification variable
There are no statistically significant differences between kindergarten teachers in innovative leadership according to the work experience variable.

The Goals and Forms of Media Normalization by Al Jazeera and Al Arabiya Satellite Channels in Covering the Events of October 7, 2023

Adnan Aziz Daffar — 2025-08-08

Al Jazeera and Al Arabiya satellite channels have adopted a peaceful discourse in the Arab context toward Israel, avoiding rhetoric charged with hostility toward it. They have also established a friendly and familiar environment, and removed the hostility of the Arab mentality toward the Zionist entity by avoiding the use of charged language. They have also attempted to integrate it into media communities by facilitating the appearance of Israeli regime figures on Arab screens and hosting official figures and journalists. This attempt to integrate and break the psychological barrier of Arab audiences accustomed to hostility and the complete absence of news about Israel, its society, and its political events. These two channels have thus crafted a clear discourse of normalization, or sometimes are forced to broadcast news that they believe is in the interest of the Palestinian people, but in reality, it serves the interests of the entity. This is normalization implemented forcefully and smoothly. It avoids mentioning what Arab citizens are accustomed to hearing, such as the usurping Zionist entity, instead focusing on the alternative: the State of Israel, colonies, settlements, the occupying Israeli army, the Israeli army, Tel Aviv, and Jerusalem. Today, we observe the creation of public opinion or a shift in perspective regarding events. This is because mass communication media, including satellite channels, "play a role in achieving alienation and deepening self-contempt, amidst the clear deterioration of the political and economic reality in the Arab world." These channels seek to deepen the spirit of surrender and defeat, and to enhance the element of superiority of the Zionist enemy.

The research will analyze two television samples: Al-Arabiya and Al-Jazeera, and examine the extent of normalization embedded in their news and discourse, with the aim of improving the image of the Zionist entity.

Political Security in the West Bank and Gaza Strip

Dr. Yasser Abu Hamed — 2025-08-08

The study aimed to explore the determinants of political security in the West Bank and Gaza Strip and ways to protect it in light of a situation in which the factors influencing overlap between the policies and procedures of the occupation and the political division. The study relied on the using of the analytical descriptive approach, in addition to the content analysis tool with quantitative and qualitative dimensions, to reveal the violations and their implications related to the components of political security in the West Bank and Gaza Strip included in the reports of the Independent Commission for Human Rights 2020-2023, with the aim of analyzing the factors that undermine it. The study concluded that the policies and measures of the occupation represent a real threat to political security in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, in addition to the division that is a determinant of political security, which has negatively affected political participation and its manifestations, and the exercise of political rights, thus undermining political security. The study recommended the need to confront the occupation's policies and measures through political, legal, and diplomatic mechanisms. It also recommended ending the political divide, strengthening national unity, and ensuring political participation that leads to respect for political rights, as a prerequisite for protecting and achieving political security in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.

The Integrated Matrix: Dissociation of the Dimensions of Graduate Student Quality

Lulwa Abdulhamid Al-Naeem — 2025-08-08

Objectives: This study seeks to deconstruct the integrated dimensions of the university life quality among graduate students, and to present an integrated matrix that clarifies all the dimensions surrounding the university student that affect their satisfaction. Methodology: This descriptive analytical study relied on the quantitative method using the social survey design. A questionnaire, designed to collect data was applied to a stratified random sample of (375) male and female graduate students at King Saud University. Results showed that the level of university life quality dimensions among graduate students was high in the academic self-efficacy dimension Avg (4.21), then in the faculty members dimension Avg (4.12), then in the peers dimension Avg (4.03), and finally the logistics services dimension Avg (3.74). It also showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the study axis according to demographic variables except for marital status which was for married people. Conclusion: The results provide recommendations that benefit decision-makers in the Deanship of Graduate Studies and the Deanship of Skills Development regarding improving the university life quality. Research proposals that can help researchers fill research gaps were presented.

Perceptions of King Abdulaziz University students about the role of tourism in promoting economic and social development in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Bashaer Fahad Alhutayrshi — 2025-08-08

The study aimed to identify King Abdulaziz University students' perceptions of the role of tourism in promoting economic and social development in the Kingdom, through its role in reducing unemployment, empowering women, and highlighting the Kingdom's cultural identity. The study relied on a social survey approach using a questionnaire for a random sample of 55 male and female students. The study yielded several results, the most important of which were: There is awareness among students of the role of tourism in reducing unemployment by providing direct and indirect job opportunities. Seventy percent of students agreed that tourism contributes to women's empowerment by supporting women's projects. Seventy-four percent of students agreed that tourism enhances awareness of local customs and traditions through its activities and promotes cultural exchange between tourists and residents. The study concluded with a number of recommendations to enhance the role of tourism in achieving social and economic development in the Kingdom, as well as a number of proposals for future studies.

The Role of the UN Security Council in Preventing Ethnic Cleansing Crimes

Dr. Wesam Khaled Abdel-Ali Mohammed — 2025-08-08

Ethnic cleansing has become a tangible reality, expressed through tragic international events in a number of societies and is not limited to a specific geographic region. Ethnic cleansing crimes reflect the desire of a racial or tribal minority to monopolize supreme political power in the country. The policies of racial discrimination, slavery, genocide, and other practices pursued by South Africa until recently are a historical example of these methods of governance. These violations may also be traced back to the outbreak of internal conflicts on ethnic, religious, tribal, or political grounds between citizens of a single state, similar to what happened in Rwanda and Darfur not long ago. The UN Security Council therefore plays a pivotal role in curbing ethnic cleansing crimes through the powers it possesses under the UN Charter, of which it is one of the organs. Consequently, the UN expresses its concern in armed conflicts not only by providing humanitarian assistance, but also through the resolutions adopted by its organs demanding that states respect international humanitarian law. These resolutions are interpreted as exercising the powers entailed in maintaining international peace and security and the jurisdiction of other organs over issues related to human rights.

Analysis of the Arabic Language Curriculum Document for Primary Education in the State of Kuwait in Light of the Standard Levels of the Educational Curriculum

Intisar Bandar Al-Ajmi — 2025-08-08

The current study aimed to identify the availability of curriculum standards philosophy, educational objectives, content, teaching methods, educational activities and tools, and evaluation in the Arabic language curriculum document for the primary stage in the State of Kuwait. The study adopted the descriptive analytical approach using content analysis to analyze the Arabic language curriculum document for the primary stage. A standards card was prepared that included the six basic standards levels in addition to a number of sub-criteria and indicators to determine the extent to which these standards were met. The study results revealed that the availability of the standards was low, with the percentage of availability of the curriculum philosophy standard reaching 13.22%, the educational objectives standard reaching 17.65%, the educational content standard reaching 16.87%, the teaching methods standard reaching 16.63%, the educational activities standard reaching 18.02%, and the evaluation methods standard reaching 17.61%. In light of the aforementioned findings, the researcher recommended aligning educational philosophy with the developmental, psychological, and social characteristics of students; formulating objectives based on proven models such as the SMART model; revising content to include modern topics such as sustainability, artificial intelligence, digital citizenship, and cybersecurity; and finally, training teachers on the use of digital evaluation tools.

Role of Social Work from the Perspective of General Practice in Raising University Student Awareness about Environmental Sustainability in Light of the Green University Standards

Dr. Jehan Saleh Lardhi — 2025-08-08

The study aims to identify the social worker’s role from the perspective of general practice in raising this awareness and develop its promotion mechanisms. Using a descriptive approach, the researcher applied a questionnaire to (40) social workers and (255) students at public and private universities in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The results revealed high agreement on the role of the social workers in raising this awareness from the students’ perspective with a means of (02.79: 2.56) and moderate agreement from the social workers’ perspective, with a means of (2.80: 1.08). The findings highlighted high agreement on the mechanisms for this role. The study recommends integrating environmental sustainability concepts and development issues into university curricula, creating independent units and activities focused on these topics to equip students with essential knowledge, skills, and values that foster positive attitudes toward the environment.

Psychological Effects on Patients with Kidney Disease

Asst. Prof. Suad Hamid Rashid — 2025-08-08

Hama decided to cite the following quote: "If a person complains of a limb, his body will move with sleeplessness." This was done through studying the psychological effects of patients who discovered this topic as one of the important topics in each individual to solve a set of objectives related to the research topic, namely, identifying the psychological, social, and health effects, which are known and distinctive. The research consisted of several chapters divided into topics and axes, where the first was determined by the derivation of the study and the components of the community for the research, but the other topics were a type of disease that represents its causes and symptoms and diagnosis to determine the field framework for the research, where a study was found of (50) patients, representing the determining factor and expectations of prostate in Baghdad Teaching Hospital. The researcher used the social survey method and arrived well at the study to a set of results, including: 1- Continuing our study of the male warm to a percentage of (50%), which is equal to the percentage of females, as it continues and improves (50%). God Almighty created from everything else, the mind and the female, so molecular diversity is considered one of the forms of life on the surface of the earth. 2- Our study consistently focused on the fact that most researchers answered "yes" to the provision of comprehensive psychological support by family members, reaching (70%) through their areas during the treatment journey, including the accompanying witnesses and assistance provided by all available means, even if it was through prayers for a speedy recovery.

3- Our ongoing study required that most sample members adhere to a disaster in order to take medication under the regulatory supervision of specialist doctors, while (34%) did not adhere to these instructions.

4- Our current study indicates that more than half of the sample members who discovered a family member in order to find what reaches infinity (44%). Famous experts and the famous Euphrates are among the most important causes of diseases and some disabilities, which are passed from grandparents to children according to Mendel's law.

Civilizational and Scientific Representations in the City of Baalbek from Ancient Times until the Modern Era

Asst. Lecturer. Zahra Muhammad Helou — 2025-08-08

Baalbek or the city of the sun, one of the most important historical archaeological cities in Lebanon . The city occupies a distinctive geographical location, as it is found in the middle of several cities known for its historical dignity such as Damascus, Aleppo and Diamond. It was exposed through the times of history to the various influences by some ancient powers and empires that colonized on varying periods over the passage of years. its land witnessed multiple civilizations in successive historical covenants, during which they left, Many civilized and scientific evidences. Most famous of which are the Baalbek Castle, the Roman Antiques and Schools, as well as many writers and scholars. The shape of the cultural and scientific heritage in the city of Baalbek from different buildings. This formed through varying historical times as a result of the fusion of a group of civilizations for people and countries, which left its effects and its remnants on the land of the city of Baalbek, to prepare historical evidence, including: (religious, civil, scientific, military, and social) as well as many of the effects of the arts that Romans and Muslims mastered. Research is a contribution to show the importance of scientific production in the city of Baalbek, and to clarify its civilizational role. At a time when studies increase and abound at the scientific level on the Roman effects of the castle and structures in this city, which has a great importance and a scientific value that cannot be neglected. This research sheds light on the cultural and scientific heritage; Which was left by the forces and empires that colonized the city of Baalbek for long years. Most important of which are the Roman and Islamic monuments and schools, scientists and writers.

The Effectiveness of Sound Editing in Directing Perception in Television Advertisements

Ali Qassem Muhammad Eqal — 2025-08-08

Sound editing is an essential aspect of crafting advertising messages, as it changes the way viewers perceive things. To get the most out of television advertisements, it is important to understand how sound affects viewers and how to prepare it. Sound editing conveys the viewer's emotions and makes the advertisement's message stand out when needed. Editing also adds greater integration to the experience by matching the sound with the graphics, making it easier for the viewer to understand and experience the other's emotions. Sound editing is a planned method for determining the tone and meaning of an advertisement, enhancing the overall viewer experience.

Sound editing includes music, sound effects, and dialogue. Each aspect of an advertisement's message plays a different role, but they all complement each other. For example, background music may create a specific feeling that prompts contemplation or attention. Sometimes, silence can help you notice important moments or cement the message in your mind. Choosing the right sounds and their placement can directly impact how viewers feel about an ad, so you should carefully consider how you edit it. Advertising companies are increasingly relying on modern technologies and sound editing techniques, making the experience more dynamic and engaging.

Studies show that the quality of audio in ads significantly impacts how effectively a message is remembered and how attentive the audience is to a call to action. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the close relationship between sound editing and perceptual focus, and how this affects the real-world effects of TV ads. By exploring this topic more deeply, we may be able to find better techniques to ensure that ads are clear and achieve the desired impact on viewers.

Stylistic Transformations in Contemporary Iraqi Painting

Karrar Hamid Musa Naji — 2025-08-08

This research addresses contemporary Iraqi painting, reviewing the various transformations this art form has undergone and its impact on the political, social, and cultural circumstances that Iraq has witnessed. The research aims to understand how Iraqi artists have responded to these transformations and to showcase their emerging artworks in national and international documents.

The research was divided into four sections, including the first section, which defines the problem of the phenomenon of transformations in contemporary Iraqi painting and the necessity of it. The title, "Emerging Transformations in Contemporary Iraqi Painting," includes the research, the importance and need for the research, the research objective and limits, and the definition of the terms included within it. The research problem was the subject of studying the connotations of stylistic transformations in Iraqi art, which was summarized by the following question: Is there a difference in the illustrative studies that have resulted in scientific painting currently across its various stages? The second section, "Farqadin," deals with the first stylistic transformation in relation to the second transformation in the civilization of Mesopotamia.

The Us-China Trade War and its Implications for Global Economics

Adedeji Daniel Gbadebo — 2025-08-08

This study looks at the impact of the US-China trade war on Nigeria's economic development, with an emphasis on trade performance, economic stability, and foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows. Based on the Ricardian Theory of Comparative Advantage, the research investigates how interruptions in global trade flows induced by retaliatory tariffs and economic tensions between the two giants affect developing countries such as Nigeria. Data were obtained using a quantitative study approach, with structured questionnaires distributed to 100 lecturers at the Federal Polytechnic, Bida, who were chosen using stratified random selection. Descriptive and inferential statistical approaches, such as Pearson correlation and linear regression, were used for analysis. The trade war has a significant positive link with Nigeria's trade performance, resulting in interruptions in trade flows, increased import costs, and decreased exports. Global commodity price variations have a considerable impact on Nigeria's economic stability, particularly given the country's reliance on crude oil exports. Trade uncertainty had a minor but substantial effect on FDI inflows. To mitigate external shocks, the study suggests economic diversification beyond crude oil, improved domestic investment climates, and more involvement in regional trade frameworks such as AfCFTA. Strengthening fiscal and monetary policy is also necessary to reduce vulnerabilities caused by global economic shocks.

From the College of Sharia to International Universities

Dr. Saud G. Albeshir — 2025-08-08

Higher education in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has experienced significant transformations since the establishment of its first academic institution in 1949. This study aims to identify the key historical events and stages that have shaped the development of higher education in the Kingdom from its inception in 1949 until 2024. It employs both historical and descriptive-analytical methodologies to address research questions related to the origins, evolution, and influencing factors of the higher education system over several decades. The study finds that the College of Sharia in Makkah, founded in 1949, was the first institution of higher learning in Saudi Arabia, while King Saud University, established in 1957, is recognized as the first official university in the Kingdom. Additionally, the results indicate that women's higher education has undergone rapid changes, moving from initial social resistance to becoming the predominant demographic in higher education today. This shift reflects an increasing societal awareness of the importance of women's education and empowerment. Furthermore, the study reveals that Saudi Arabia's government-funded international scholarship programs were established before local colleges, highlighting the state's early recognition of the strategic value of higher education in developing national human capital. Since the inception of higher education institutions, the Kingdom has also consistently welcomed international students as part of its broader educational and cultural policy. The findings indicate that the first two decades of the 21st century witnessed an exceptional expansion in the number of public universities and the launch of the largest external scholarship program in Saudi history. Moreover, the study confirms that Saudi Vision 2030 marked a turning point in the higher education sector by introducing comprehensive reforms in governance, financing, and institutional autonomy. These changes have positioned the Kingdom as an emerging hub for global education, attracting renowned international universities to open branch campuses in Saudi Arabia.

Employing Ergonomic Standards in designing Educational Laboratory for Hand weaving

Dr. Hala Yousef Al-Osailan — 2025-08-08

Occupational safety is considered one of the fundamentals of the success of educational system, especially in light of the remarkable development in the Industrial Revolution and the change it brought in study patterns and educational strategies that aimed in building the educational outcomes compatible with the changing labor market .

Proper, conscious, and organized planning of the components of the educational process has its positive impact on its success; this is because it takes into account the nature of the administrative conditions, the learner, and the educational environment in which they learn and ‎interact with its components.‎ The educational environment includes the educational laboratory, which represents an important element of the educational process in general, and the communication process, which creates interaction between "teacher and learner" in particular; this is done to preserve this element and make it effective, leading to the success of the process .

The Legal Normative Overlap of Environmental Agreements

Ali Sadik Thajb — 2025-08-08

Without a central authority or overarching international institution, environmental regimes and institutions have evolved independently and in a fragmented way. Although some debates exist regarding legal overlap on specific subject matters within international law, no study carried out or proposed legal taxonomy or criteria to identify the sources of legal overlap and conflicts within environmental law. This research aims to elucidate the types of overlap by providing an argument to recognize how such overlaps arise within environmental appliances, and it identifies both states and international institutions as the main sources of legal conflict within the environmental framework. These findings contribute to recognizing the barriers that hinder conflict resolution and to proposing practical solutions for managing legal conflicts. This study can assist policy-makers in enhancing the effectiveness of environmental legal instruments by refining the text to avoid contradictions within Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) during the negotiation phase. Accordingly, the study and its findings aim to address existing gaps in the environmental legal system, particularly concerning the issue of congested rules. This can be achieved by adopting the criteria and basis of overlap proposed in this study and applying them to address the extensive fragmentation across environmental fields. Ultimately, this research provides a legal method to foster synergies and offers recommendations for managing overlaps within congested MEAs.