Motivation-based Human Needs and their Disclosure Prompts in Chris Cleave’s Little Bee
الكلمات المفتاحية:
ERG human needs, Cleave’s Little Bee, cognitive linguistics, disclosure prompts, domains, motivations
الملخص
The present work folds two qualitative objectives; the first focuses on investigating the multiplicity of motivation-based human needs in Little Bee. The second objective involves examining the linguistic forms adopted to disclose such needs. Consequently, the researchers are to adapt eclectically Alderfer's Existence, Relatedness, and Growth Theory (1969) and Langacker’s theory of Domains (1987) together with his Active Zone Operation (1991). Such a study helps to embody the connectivity between the social and psychological aspects, and the way these two aspects are disclosed using particular linguistic The study has concluded that Bee needed Alderfer’s basic human needs: existence, relatedness, and growth. Besides, satisfying part of the existence sub-needs does not guarantee maintaining one’s existence. Moreover, Bee has used various linguistic styles to meet the existence sub-needs, such as: simple past tense, wish expressions, or a metaphorical language. Finally, cognitive linguistics has proven its effectiveness in addressing literary texts; any psychological changes will definitely be activated in the mind and ultimately in language.
المراجع
1. Al-Bahrani, R. H. (2018). A Cognitive Linguistic Study of Silence/Pause-Based Incongruities in Selected Instances from Mind Your Language's Sitcom Series. Journal of Education College Wasit University 1(30), 795-829. https://doi.org/10.31185/eduj.Vol1.Iss30.334
2. Al-Bahrani, R. H. & Al-Rubaye, M. R. (2017). A Cognitive Semantic Analysis of the Preposition at. Journal of College of Education- Wasit University 2(Special Issue), 1586-1606. https://doi.org/10.31185/eduj.Vol2.Iss25.2753
3. Al-Bahrani, R. H., Turki, H.Y. & Sameer, I. H. (2024). A Cognitive Linguistic Study on Arabic Female BA Students’ Perceptions of Their Teachers in an English Department. Journal of Narrative and Language Studies 12(26), 366-390. https://doi.org/10.59045/nalans.2024.65
4. Alderfer, C. P. (1989). Theories Reflecting My Personal Experience and Life Development. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 25, 351-365. https://doi.org/10.1177/002188638902500404
5. Alderfer, C.P. & Guzzo, R. A. (1979). Life Experience and Adults' Enduring Strength of Desires in Organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24, 347-361. https://doi.org/10.2307/2989917
6. Allwood, J. & Gärdenfors, P. (eds.). (1999). Cognitive Semantics: Meaning and Cognition. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
7. Amodu, E. J. (2016). Literature as a Mirror of Society: A Literary Analysis of Mohammed Idris’ “A Mystical Ring”. AJELLS: Awka Journal of English Language and Literary Studies 3(1), 128-142. https://typeset.io/questions/how-does-literature-serve-as-a-mirror-reflecting-societal-1kzktzwhmq
8. Ayton, D. (2023). Qualitative Research- A Practical Guide For Health And Social Care Researchers And Practitioners. Retrieved from https://oercollective.caul.edu.au/qualitative-research/chapter/__unknown__-5/
9. Burton, J. (1990). Conflict: Resolution and Prevention. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
10. Cleave, Ch. (2008). Little Bee. New York: Simon & Schuster.
11. Cleave, Ch. (2008). "Little bee author Q & A". Retrieved from https://chriscleave.com/little-bee/the-true-story-behind-my-new-novel/
12. Danesh, H.B.H.B. (2011). Human needs theory, conflict, and peace: In search of an integrated model. In D. J. Christie (ED.), Encyclopedia of Peace Psychology. New Jersey; Wiley-Blackwell. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/resource/work/6985348
13. Evans, V. & Green, M. (2006). Cognitive Linguistics. An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
14. Gibson, J. L., Ivancevich, J. M. & Donnelly, J. H. (1985). Organizations: Behavior, structure, processes. Plano, TX: Business Publications, Inc.
15. Geeraerts, D. & Cuyckens, H. (eds.). (2007). The Oxford handbook of cognitive linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
16. Hussein, H. A. (2020). Identity Crisis of Arab-American in Laila Halaby's Novel “Once in a Promise Land. L.A.R.Q”. Journal of Philosophy, Linguistics and Social Sciences 3(38), 534-519. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.31185/lark.Vol3.Iss38.1457
17. Jaber, H. F. & Al-Bahrani, R. H. (2021). A Cognitive Linguistic Study of Construal Operations in Selected Strange Trend Silent Animated Films. RIGEO 11(9), 3011-3029. Retrieved from https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=utdhkyQAAAAJ&sortby=pubdate&citation_for_view=utdhkyQAAAAJ:8k81kl-MbHgC
18. Jain, B. (2020). Detention Camp and State of Exception in Chris Cleave's “The Other Hand”. Journal Commonwealth Essays and Studies 43(1), 1-12. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.4000/ces.4377
19. Abdul Kareem, M. A., Ali, Z. A. & Al-Bahrani, R. H. (2022). Intonational Patterns of Persuasive Strategies in Blair’s Speech: A Socio-cognitive Phonological Analysis. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies 18(1), 683-696. Retrieved from http://www.jlls.org/index.php/jlls/article/view/3624
20. Kertesz, A. (2004). Cognitive Semantics and Scientific Knowledge: Case Studies in the Cognitive Science of Science. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
21. McLeod, S. (2007). Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html
22. Memiş, A. T. (2018). Othering in Chris Cleave’s Novels Incendiary, Little Bee, and Everyone Brave is Forgiven (Unpublished Master Thesis). Graduate School of Social Science of Middle East Teaching University. Retrieved from https://open.metu.edu.tr/bitstream/handle/11511/27122/index.pdf
23. Avruch, K. & Christopher, M. (2013). Conflict Resolution and Human Needs: Linking Theory and Practice. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis.
24. Ngore, M., Nasrullah, N., & Sartika, J.I. (2022). Alienation in the Main Character in Chris Cleave’s novel “The Other Hand”. Journal of Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Budaya 6(1), 94-102. Retrieved from https://www.neliti.com/pt/publications/412070/alienation-in-the-main-character-in-chris-cleaves-the-other-hand-novel#cite
25. Park, Ch. (2019). Reference Point and Case. Amsterdam: John Benjamins
26. Qasim, Z. J. & Al-Bahrani, R. H. (2024). A Cognitive Linguistic Study of Visually Shaping Abstract Words. Journal of College of Education-Wasit University, 57(2), 549-566. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.31185/eduj.Vol57.Iss2.4137
Rani, R. H. (2020). The Social Identity Change of Little Bee as the Main Character. Journal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Studi Amerika 26(2), 1-16. Retrieved from https://www.sciencegate.app/document/10.20961/jbssa.v25i2.32988
Rosenfeld, P., Culbertson, A. L. & Magnusson, P. (1992). Human Needs: A Literature Review and Cognitive Span Model. California: Navy Personnel Research and Development Center. Retrieved from https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA250073.pdf
28. Shalini, S. & Samundeswari, A. (2017). Literature as a Reflection of the Society-A Study. 1st National Conference on Teaching Innovations and Enhancing Learning (Arts, Science And Technology). Retrieved from https://www.shanlaxjournals.in/pdf/arts-science-and-humanities/2017/9/volume5special-issue1-170-172.pdf
29. Sirisilla, Sh. (2023). “Bridging the Gap: Overcome these Seven Flaws in Descriptive Research Design”. Retrieved from https://www.enago.com/academy/descriptive-research-design/
30. Steers, Richard M. & Porter, L. W. (1979). Motivation and Work Behavior (2nd Edition). New York: McGraw-Hill.
31. The Mind Tools Content Team. 2024. “Alderfer's ERG Theory”. Retrieved from https://www.mindtools.com/an20l52/alderfers-erg-theory
32. Zimbardo, Ph. G. (1988). Psychology and Life (12th edition). Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.
2. Al-Bahrani, R. H. & Al-Rubaye, M. R. (2017). A Cognitive Semantic Analysis of the Preposition at. Journal of College of Education- Wasit University 2(Special Issue), 1586-1606. https://doi.org/10.31185/eduj.Vol2.Iss25.2753
3. Al-Bahrani, R. H., Turki, H.Y. & Sameer, I. H. (2024). A Cognitive Linguistic Study on Arabic Female BA Students’ Perceptions of Their Teachers in an English Department. Journal of Narrative and Language Studies 12(26), 366-390. https://doi.org/10.59045/nalans.2024.65
4. Alderfer, C. P. (1989). Theories Reflecting My Personal Experience and Life Development. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 25, 351-365. https://doi.org/10.1177/002188638902500404
5. Alderfer, C.P. & Guzzo, R. A. (1979). Life Experience and Adults' Enduring Strength of Desires in Organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24, 347-361. https://doi.org/10.2307/2989917
6. Allwood, J. & Gärdenfors, P. (eds.). (1999). Cognitive Semantics: Meaning and Cognition. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
7. Amodu, E. J. (2016). Literature as a Mirror of Society: A Literary Analysis of Mohammed Idris’ “A Mystical Ring”. AJELLS: Awka Journal of English Language and Literary Studies 3(1), 128-142. https://typeset.io/questions/how-does-literature-serve-as-a-mirror-reflecting-societal-1kzktzwhmq
8. Ayton, D. (2023). Qualitative Research- A Practical Guide For Health And Social Care Researchers And Practitioners. Retrieved from https://oercollective.caul.edu.au/qualitative-research/chapter/__unknown__-5/
9. Burton, J. (1990). Conflict: Resolution and Prevention. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
10. Cleave, Ch. (2008). Little Bee. New York: Simon & Schuster.
11. Cleave, Ch. (2008). "Little bee author Q & A". Retrieved from https://chriscleave.com/little-bee/the-true-story-behind-my-new-novel/
12. Danesh, H.B.H.B. (2011). Human needs theory, conflict, and peace: In search of an integrated model. In D. J. Christie (ED.), Encyclopedia of Peace Psychology. New Jersey; Wiley-Blackwell. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/resource/work/6985348
13. Evans, V. & Green, M. (2006). Cognitive Linguistics. An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
14. Gibson, J. L., Ivancevich, J. M. & Donnelly, J. H. (1985). Organizations: Behavior, structure, processes. Plano, TX: Business Publications, Inc.
15. Geeraerts, D. & Cuyckens, H. (eds.). (2007). The Oxford handbook of cognitive linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
16. Hussein, H. A. (2020). Identity Crisis of Arab-American in Laila Halaby's Novel “Once in a Promise Land. L.A.R.Q”. Journal of Philosophy, Linguistics and Social Sciences 3(38), 534-519. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.31185/lark.Vol3.Iss38.1457
17. Jaber, H. F. & Al-Bahrani, R. H. (2021). A Cognitive Linguistic Study of Construal Operations in Selected Strange Trend Silent Animated Films. RIGEO 11(9), 3011-3029. Retrieved from https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=utdhkyQAAAAJ&sortby=pubdate&citation_for_view=utdhkyQAAAAJ:8k81kl-MbHgC
18. Jain, B. (2020). Detention Camp and State of Exception in Chris Cleave's “The Other Hand”. Journal Commonwealth Essays and Studies 43(1), 1-12. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.4000/ces.4377
19. Abdul Kareem, M. A., Ali, Z. A. & Al-Bahrani, R. H. (2022). Intonational Patterns of Persuasive Strategies in Blair’s Speech: A Socio-cognitive Phonological Analysis. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies 18(1), 683-696. Retrieved from http://www.jlls.org/index.php/jlls/article/view/3624
20. Kertesz, A. (2004). Cognitive Semantics and Scientific Knowledge: Case Studies in the Cognitive Science of Science. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
21. McLeod, S. (2007). Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html
22. Memiş, A. T. (2018). Othering in Chris Cleave’s Novels Incendiary, Little Bee, and Everyone Brave is Forgiven (Unpublished Master Thesis). Graduate School of Social Science of Middle East Teaching University. Retrieved from https://open.metu.edu.tr/bitstream/handle/11511/27122/index.pdf
23. Avruch, K. & Christopher, M. (2013). Conflict Resolution and Human Needs: Linking Theory and Practice. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis.
24. Ngore, M., Nasrullah, N., & Sartika, J.I. (2022). Alienation in the Main Character in Chris Cleave’s novel “The Other Hand”. Journal of Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Budaya 6(1), 94-102. Retrieved from https://www.neliti.com/pt/publications/412070/alienation-in-the-main-character-in-chris-cleaves-the-other-hand-novel#cite
25. Park, Ch. (2019). Reference Point and Case. Amsterdam: John Benjamins
26. Qasim, Z. J. & Al-Bahrani, R. H. (2024). A Cognitive Linguistic Study of Visually Shaping Abstract Words. Journal of College of Education-Wasit University, 57(2), 549-566. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.31185/eduj.Vol57.Iss2.4137
Rani, R. H. (2020). The Social Identity Change of Little Bee as the Main Character. Journal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Studi Amerika 26(2), 1-16. Retrieved from https://www.sciencegate.app/document/10.20961/jbssa.v25i2.32988
Rosenfeld, P., Culbertson, A. L. & Magnusson, P. (1992). Human Needs: A Literature Review and Cognitive Span Model. California: Navy Personnel Research and Development Center. Retrieved from https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA250073.pdf
28. Shalini, S. & Samundeswari, A. (2017). Literature as a Reflection of the Society-A Study. 1st National Conference on Teaching Innovations and Enhancing Learning (Arts, Science And Technology). Retrieved from https://www.shanlaxjournals.in/pdf/arts-science-and-humanities/2017/9/volume5special-issue1-170-172.pdf
29. Sirisilla, Sh. (2023). “Bridging the Gap: Overcome these Seven Flaws in Descriptive Research Design”. Retrieved from https://www.enago.com/academy/descriptive-research-design/
30. Steers, Richard M. & Porter, L. W. (1979). Motivation and Work Behavior (2nd Edition). New York: McGraw-Hill.
31. The Mind Tools Content Team. 2024. “Alderfer's ERG Theory”. Retrieved from https://www.mindtools.com/an20l52/alderfers-erg-theory
32. Zimbardo, Ph. G. (1988). Psychology and Life (12th edition). Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.
منشور
2025-12-21
كيفية الاقتباس
Asst. Prof. Hanan Abbas Hussein, & Asst. Prof. Dr. Rana H. Al-Bahrani. (2025). Motivation-based Human Needs and their Disclosure Prompts in Chris Cleave’s Little Bee. International Journal on Humanities and Social Sciences, (69), 319-335. https://doi.org/10.33193/IJoHSS.69.2025.901
إصدار
القسم
المقالات
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2025 Asst. Prof. Hanan Abbas Hussein , Asst. Prof. Dr. Rana H. Al-Bahrani
هذا العمل مرخص حسب الرخصة Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
