الآثار النفسيّة والإجتماعيّة للحجر المنزلي بسبب فيروس كورونا (COVID-19
الكلمات المفتاحية:
الآثار النفسيّة، الحجر المنزلي، فيروس كورونا، (COVID-19)
الملخص
منذ نهاية سنة 2019 عرف العالم وضعًا استثنائيًّا جرّاء انتشار فيروس كورونا (COVID-19) الذي انتشر انتشارًا واسعًا وفي فترة وجيزة. تمّ اكتشاف هذا الفيروس لأول مرّة في مدينة ووهان (مقاطعة هوبي، الصين) في كانون الأوّل 2019 [1]. في لبنان، تمّ اكتشاف أول حالة مؤكّدة بفيروس الكورونا في 21 شباط 2020 [2]. وفي 12 آذار 2020، أعلنته منظّمة الصّحّة العالميّة جائحة عالميّة [3] يجب مواجهتها بأخذ تدابير احترازيّة الزاميّة، إلى حين زواله أو توفّر لقاح له.
في حين عدم وجود لقاح، نفّذت العديد من البلدان سلسلة من التدخّلات للحدّ من العدوى وإبطاء تقدم الوباء وانتشاره [4]. وأحد أهمّ التدابير المتّخذة لاحتواء هذا الفيروس هو الحجر المنزلي للسّكّان لتجنّب المخالطة المباشرة، والإغلاق التامّ لكافّة المجالات، ممّا أدى إلى تعطيل معظم الأنشطة اليوميّة [5]. الحجر الصّحّي المفروض على المواطنين لعدّة أيّام أو أسابيع لاحتواء تفشي الفيروس، ليس أمرًا سهلًا. فهذا الوضع قد يتسبّب في العديد من المشاكل النفسيّة الفرديّة والجماعيّة، خاصّة بالنّسبة للفئات السكّانيّة الضعيفة نفسيًّا و/ أو اجتماعيًّا واقتصاديًّا…
إنّ الإنسان اجتماعي بطبعه...[6] و هذا يعني أنّه لا يمكن أن يعيش بمنأى عن الجماعة. ولعلّ أهمّ ما يميّز البشر عند اتّصالهم مع بعضهم البعض، هو حدوث تفاعل تقوم على أساسه عدد من العلاقات. يعتبر التفاعل الإجتماعي من أهمّ ما يميّز الحياة الإجتماعيّة. يؤكد "هانيي" أن الأفراد بشكل عام يعتمدون على الاتّصال والتفاعل مع بعضهم البعض من أجل البقاء وتحقيق أهداف أو غايات معيّنة أهمّها تقدير الذات[7]. كما اعتبر البعض أنّ الإتّصالات الإجتماعيّة هي واحدة من أعظم مصادر رفاهية البشر الذين يقضون معظم حياتهم في صحبة الآخرين [8] .
الهدف من هذه المقالة هو تحديد الآثار المحتملة للحجر الصحّي المطوّل على صحّة الأشخاص العقليّة والنفسيّة، بحيث أنّ الحجر يؤثر على نمط الحياة وقد يتسبّب في العديد من المشاكل مثل الملل، التوتّر، القلق والاكتئاب، اضطرابات النوم، السلوك الإدماني، السلوك العدائي، وغيرها...[9].
سنتطرّق فيما يلي، بشيء من التفصيل، إلى هذه المشاكل وغيرها مع تقديم بعض الحلول للتقليل قدر الإمكان من هذه المشاكل وما لها من آثار سلبيّة على صحّة البشر.
المراجع
[1] Odriozola-González, P., Planchuelo-Gómez, Á, Irurtia, M. J., & de Luis-García, R. (2020). Psychological effects of the COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown among students and workers of a Spanish university. Psychiatry Research, 290, 113 108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113108
[2] خطة%20البلديات%20وإتحاد%20البلديات%20لمكافحة%20فيروس%20كورونا%20المستجد.pdf
[3] World Health Organization. Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020. https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020 (2020).
[4] Aquino, E. M. L., Silveira, I. H., Pescarini, J. M., Aquino, R., Souza-Filho, J. A., Rocha, A. S., Ferreira, A., Victor, A., Teixeira, C., Machado, D. B., Paixão, E., Alves, F. J. O., Pilecco, F., Menezes, G., Gabrielli, L., Leite, L., Almeida, M. C. C., Ortelan, N., Fernandes, Q. H. R. F., Ortiz, R. J. F., . . . Lima, R. T. R. S. (2020). Social distancing measures to control the COVID-19 pandemic: Potential impacts and challenges in Brazil. Ciencia & Saude Coletiva, 25(Suppl.1), 2423–2446. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020256. 1.10502020
[5] Ruiz-Roso, M. B., de Carvalho Padilha, P., Mantilla- Escalante, D. C., Ulloa, N., Brun, P., Acevedo-Correa, D., Arantes Ferreira Peres, W., Martorell, M., Aires, M. T., de Oliveira Cardoso, L., Carrasco-Marín, F., Paternina-Sierra, K., Rodriguez-Meza, J. E., Montero, P. M., Bernabè, G., Pauletto, A., Taci, X., Visioli, F., & Dávalos, A. (2020). COVID-19 confinement and changes of adolescent’s dietary trends in Italy, Spain, Chile, Colombia and Brazil. Nutrients, 12(6), 1807. https://doi. org/10.3390/nu12061807
[6] 2Pol. I. 1252a 1. Good is something desirable and it is desirable because it is perfective as a means or as an end. See also Aquinas, Summa Theologian, 1a 2ae, q. 1, a. 1. Human action is distinct from human behavior and Aquinas calls them human acts and acts of man respectively. The former is primarily something moved by a rational activity as good or perfection of mankind and as cause of good human action
[7] Haney C. Reforming punishment: psychological limitations to the pains of imprisonment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2006.
[8] Amati, V., Meggiolaro, S. and Rivelli, G. et al. (2018) “social relations and life satisfaction: the role of friends”. Genus, 74, 7.
[9] Jakovljevic, M., Bjedov, S., Jaksic, N., & Jakovljevic, I. (2020). COVID-19 pandemia and public and global mental health from the perspective of global health securit. Psychiatria Danubina, 32(1), 6–14. https://doi.org/10.24869/psyd.2020.6
[10] Roxby, P. (2020, May 16). Psychiatrists Warn of ‘tsunami’ of Mental Illness. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/health-52676981
[11] Gunderson E, Nelson PD. Adaptation of small groups to extreme environments. Aerospace Med 1963; 34 (12):1111–5.
[12] Cochrane JJ, Freeman SJJ. Working in arctic and subarctic conditions: mental health issues. Can J Psychiatry 1989; 34 (9):884–90.
[13] Grassian S. Psychiatric effects of solitary confinement. Wash UJL Poly 2006; 22:325.
[14] Zhang SX, Wang Y., Rauch A, et al. Unprecedented disruptions of lives and work: health, distress and life satisfaction of working adults in China one month into the COVID-19 outbreak. medRxiv [Inter-net] 2020 [2020.03.13.20034496. Cited 2020 Apr 13. Available from:https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.13.20034496v2].
[15] Mercer-Lynn KB, Flora DB, Fahlman SA, et al. The measurement of boredom: differences between existing self-report scales. Assessment 2013; 20(5):585–96.
[16] Isacescu J, Struk AA, Danckert J. Cognitive and affective predictors of bored proneness. Cogn Emotion 2017; 31(8):1741–8.
[17] Sommers J, Vodanovich SJ. Boredom proneness: its relationship to psychological- and physical-health symptoms. J Clin Psychol 2000; 56(1):149–55.
[18] Fahlman SA, Mercer-Lynn KB, Flora DB, et al. Development and validation of the multidimensional state boredom scale. Assessment 2013; 20(1):68–85.
[19] Mercer KB, Eastwood JD. Is boredom associated with problem gambling behaviour? It depends on what you mean by ‘boredom’. Int Gambling Stud 2010; 10(1):91–104.
[20] de Oliveira L, Carvalho J. The link between boredom and hyper-sexuality: a systematic review. J Sex Med 2020, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.02.007.
[21] Volkow ND. Collision of the COVID-19 and addiction epidemics. Ann Intern Med 2020, http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/M20-1212 [Online ahead of print].
[22] Nalwa K, Anand AP. Internet addiction in students: a cause of concern. Cyberpsychol Behav 2003; 6(6):653–6.
[23] Kök Eren H, Örsal Ö. Computer game addiction and loneliness in children. IranJ Public Health 2018; 47(10):1504–10.
[24] Lemmens JS, Valkenburg PM, Gentile DA. The Internet Gaming Disorder Scale. Psychol Assess 2015; 27(2):567–82.
[25] Gill P, McQuade A. The role of loneliness and self-control in predicting problem gambling behaviour. Gambling research. J Natl Assoc Gambling Stud (Australia) 2012; 24(1):18–30.
[26] Butler MH, Pereyra SA, Draper TW, et al. Pornography use and loneliness:a bidirectional recursive model and pilot investigation. J Sex Marital Ther2018; 44(2):127–37
[27] Breuer and Elson, 2017: Frustration-Aggression Theory. In P. Sturmey (Ed.), the Wiley Handbook of Violence and Aggression (pp. 1-12)
[28] American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International Classification of Sleep Disorders 3rd edn (American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2014)
[29] Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, et al. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet] 2020; 17 (5):1729 [cited 2020 Apr 10. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/5/1729].
[30] Potter GD, Skene DJ, Arendt J, et al. Circadian rhythm and sleep disrup-tion: causes, metabolic consequences, and countermeasures. Endocrine Rev 2016; 37(6):584–608.
[31] Altena E, Baglioni C, Espie CA, et al. Dealing with sleep problems during home confinement due to the COVID-19 outbreak: practical recommendations from a task force of the European CBT-I Aca-demy. J Sleep Res 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 15. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jsr.13052].
[32] Zhang SX, Wang Y., Rauch A, et al. Unprecedented disruptions of lives and work: health, distress and life satisfaction of working adults in China one month into the COVID-19 outbreak. Med Rxiv [Inter-net] 2020 [2020.03.13.20034496. Cited 2020 Apr13. Available from:https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.13.20034496v2].
[33] Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, et al. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet] 2020; 17(5):1729 [cited 2020 Apr 10. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/5/1729].
[34] Huang Y, Zhao N. Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 epidemic in China: a web based cross-sectional survey. Med Rxiv [Internet] 2020 [cited2020 Apr 13 202002.19.20025395. Available from: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.19.20025395v2].
[35] Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, et al. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease(COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet] 2020; 17(5):1729 [cited 2020 Apr 10. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/5/1729].
[36] Jung SJ, Jun JY. Mental health and psychological intervention amidCOVID-19 outbreak: perspectives from South Korea. Yonsei Med J [Inter-net] 2020; 61(4):271–2 [cited 2020 Apr 10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2020.61.4.271].
[37] Dong M, Zheng J. Letter to the editor: headline stress disorder caused by Netnews during the outbreak of COVID-19.Health Expect [Internet] 2020; 23(2):259–60 [cited 2020 Apr 10. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7104635/].
[38] Jung SJ, Jun JY. Mental health and psychological intervention amidCOVID-19 outbreak: perspectives from South Korea. Yonsei Med J [Inter-net] 2020; 61(4):271–2 [cited 2020 Apr 10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2020.61.4.271].
[39] Zhang Y, Ma ZF. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and quality of life among local residents in Liaoning Province, China: a cross-sectional study. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet] 2020; 17(7):2381 [cited 2020 Apr 8. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/7/2381].
[40] Corruble E. A viewpoint from Paris on the COVID-19 pandemic: a necessary turn to tele-psychiatry. J Clin Psychiatry 2020; 81(3), http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/jcp.20com13361.
[2] خطة%20البلديات%20وإتحاد%20البلديات%20لمكافحة%20فيروس%20كورونا%20المستجد.pdf
[3] World Health Organization. Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020. https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020 (2020).
[4] Aquino, E. M. L., Silveira, I. H., Pescarini, J. M., Aquino, R., Souza-Filho, J. A., Rocha, A. S., Ferreira, A., Victor, A., Teixeira, C., Machado, D. B., Paixão, E., Alves, F. J. O., Pilecco, F., Menezes, G., Gabrielli, L., Leite, L., Almeida, M. C. C., Ortelan, N., Fernandes, Q. H. R. F., Ortiz, R. J. F., . . . Lima, R. T. R. S. (2020). Social distancing measures to control the COVID-19 pandemic: Potential impacts and challenges in Brazil. Ciencia & Saude Coletiva, 25(Suppl.1), 2423–2446. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020256. 1.10502020
[5] Ruiz-Roso, M. B., de Carvalho Padilha, P., Mantilla- Escalante, D. C., Ulloa, N., Brun, P., Acevedo-Correa, D., Arantes Ferreira Peres, W., Martorell, M., Aires, M. T., de Oliveira Cardoso, L., Carrasco-Marín, F., Paternina-Sierra, K., Rodriguez-Meza, J. E., Montero, P. M., Bernabè, G., Pauletto, A., Taci, X., Visioli, F., & Dávalos, A. (2020). COVID-19 confinement and changes of adolescent’s dietary trends in Italy, Spain, Chile, Colombia and Brazil. Nutrients, 12(6), 1807. https://doi. org/10.3390/nu12061807
[6] 2Pol. I. 1252a 1. Good is something desirable and it is desirable because it is perfective as a means or as an end. See also Aquinas, Summa Theologian, 1a 2ae, q. 1, a. 1. Human action is distinct from human behavior and Aquinas calls them human acts and acts of man respectively. The former is primarily something moved by a rational activity as good or perfection of mankind and as cause of good human action
[7] Haney C. Reforming punishment: psychological limitations to the pains of imprisonment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2006.
[8] Amati, V., Meggiolaro, S. and Rivelli, G. et al. (2018) “social relations and life satisfaction: the role of friends”. Genus, 74, 7.
[9] Jakovljevic, M., Bjedov, S., Jaksic, N., & Jakovljevic, I. (2020). COVID-19 pandemia and public and global mental health from the perspective of global health securit. Psychiatria Danubina, 32(1), 6–14. https://doi.org/10.24869/psyd.2020.6
[10] Roxby, P. (2020, May 16). Psychiatrists Warn of ‘tsunami’ of Mental Illness. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/health-52676981
[11] Gunderson E, Nelson PD. Adaptation of small groups to extreme environments. Aerospace Med 1963; 34 (12):1111–5.
[12] Cochrane JJ, Freeman SJJ. Working in arctic and subarctic conditions: mental health issues. Can J Psychiatry 1989; 34 (9):884–90.
[13] Grassian S. Psychiatric effects of solitary confinement. Wash UJL Poly 2006; 22:325.
[14] Zhang SX, Wang Y., Rauch A, et al. Unprecedented disruptions of lives and work: health, distress and life satisfaction of working adults in China one month into the COVID-19 outbreak. medRxiv [Inter-net] 2020 [2020.03.13.20034496. Cited 2020 Apr 13. Available from:https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.13.20034496v2].
[15] Mercer-Lynn KB, Flora DB, Fahlman SA, et al. The measurement of boredom: differences between existing self-report scales. Assessment 2013; 20(5):585–96.
[16] Isacescu J, Struk AA, Danckert J. Cognitive and affective predictors of bored proneness. Cogn Emotion 2017; 31(8):1741–8.
[17] Sommers J, Vodanovich SJ. Boredom proneness: its relationship to psychological- and physical-health symptoms. J Clin Psychol 2000; 56(1):149–55.
[18] Fahlman SA, Mercer-Lynn KB, Flora DB, et al. Development and validation of the multidimensional state boredom scale. Assessment 2013; 20(1):68–85.
[19] Mercer KB, Eastwood JD. Is boredom associated with problem gambling behaviour? It depends on what you mean by ‘boredom’. Int Gambling Stud 2010; 10(1):91–104.
[20] de Oliveira L, Carvalho J. The link between boredom and hyper-sexuality: a systematic review. J Sex Med 2020, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.02.007.
[21] Volkow ND. Collision of the COVID-19 and addiction epidemics. Ann Intern Med 2020, http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/M20-1212 [Online ahead of print].
[22] Nalwa K, Anand AP. Internet addiction in students: a cause of concern. Cyberpsychol Behav 2003; 6(6):653–6.
[23] Kök Eren H, Örsal Ö. Computer game addiction and loneliness in children. IranJ Public Health 2018; 47(10):1504–10.
[24] Lemmens JS, Valkenburg PM, Gentile DA. The Internet Gaming Disorder Scale. Psychol Assess 2015; 27(2):567–82.
[25] Gill P, McQuade A. The role of loneliness and self-control in predicting problem gambling behaviour. Gambling research. J Natl Assoc Gambling Stud (Australia) 2012; 24(1):18–30.
[26] Butler MH, Pereyra SA, Draper TW, et al. Pornography use and loneliness:a bidirectional recursive model and pilot investigation. J Sex Marital Ther2018; 44(2):127–37
[27] Breuer and Elson, 2017: Frustration-Aggression Theory. In P. Sturmey (Ed.), the Wiley Handbook of Violence and Aggression (pp. 1-12)
[28] American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International Classification of Sleep Disorders 3rd edn (American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2014)
[29] Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, et al. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet] 2020; 17 (5):1729 [cited 2020 Apr 10. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/5/1729].
[30] Potter GD, Skene DJ, Arendt J, et al. Circadian rhythm and sleep disrup-tion: causes, metabolic consequences, and countermeasures. Endocrine Rev 2016; 37(6):584–608.
[31] Altena E, Baglioni C, Espie CA, et al. Dealing with sleep problems during home confinement due to the COVID-19 outbreak: practical recommendations from a task force of the European CBT-I Aca-demy. J Sleep Res 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 15. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jsr.13052].
[32] Zhang SX, Wang Y., Rauch A, et al. Unprecedented disruptions of lives and work: health, distress and life satisfaction of working adults in China one month into the COVID-19 outbreak. Med Rxiv [Inter-net] 2020 [2020.03.13.20034496. Cited 2020 Apr13. Available from:https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.13.20034496v2].
[33] Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, et al. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet] 2020; 17(5):1729 [cited 2020 Apr 10. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/5/1729].
[34] Huang Y, Zhao N. Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 epidemic in China: a web based cross-sectional survey. Med Rxiv [Internet] 2020 [cited2020 Apr 13 202002.19.20025395. Available from: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.19.20025395v2].
[35] Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, et al. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease(COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet] 2020; 17(5):1729 [cited 2020 Apr 10. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/5/1729].
[36] Jung SJ, Jun JY. Mental health and psychological intervention amidCOVID-19 outbreak: perspectives from South Korea. Yonsei Med J [Inter-net] 2020; 61(4):271–2 [cited 2020 Apr 10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2020.61.4.271].
[37] Dong M, Zheng J. Letter to the editor: headline stress disorder caused by Netnews during the outbreak of COVID-19.Health Expect [Internet] 2020; 23(2):259–60 [cited 2020 Apr 10. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7104635/].
[38] Jung SJ, Jun JY. Mental health and psychological intervention amidCOVID-19 outbreak: perspectives from South Korea. Yonsei Med J [Inter-net] 2020; 61(4):271–2 [cited 2020 Apr 10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2020.61.4.271].
[39] Zhang Y, Ma ZF. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and quality of life among local residents in Liaoning Province, China: a cross-sectional study. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet] 2020; 17(7):2381 [cited 2020 Apr 8. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/7/2381].
[40] Corruble E. A viewpoint from Paris on the COVID-19 pandemic: a necessary turn to tele-psychiatry. J Clin Psychiatry 2020; 81(3), http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/jcp.20com13361.
منشور
2021-10-27
كيفية الاقتباس
د. شيرين شهلا. (2021). الآثار النفسيّة والإجتماعيّة للحجر المنزلي بسبب فيروس كورونا (COVID-19. المجلة الدولية للعلوم الإنسانية والاجتماعية, (26), 157-165. https://doi.org/10.33193/IJoHSS.26.2021.329
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