Anonymity in Social Symbiosis and its Relation to the Social and Economic Background during the Protective Lockdown of Covid- 19 among a Sample of Food Baskets Donors in Baghdad
Keywords:
anonymity, social solidarity, preventive curfew, COVID-19
Abstract
The current research aims to define anonymity in social solidarity, according to the source of income for the donors of the food basket during the preventive health curfew due to Covid 19 in Baghdad, and the significance of the differences according to the variables of sex and source of income A questionnaire was prepared to measure anonymity in social solidarity and verify its validity and consistency, and it was applied to a sample of (150) individuals from the food basket donors during the preventive health curfew due to Covid 19 in Baghdad, and the results showed the existence of anonymity among these donors despite the diversity of their male income sources. And females, without any significant statistical differences, as it became clear that the self-employed are the most unknown, followed by retirees and have an additional wage, then employees. The study recommended the promotion and consolidation of a culture of facelessness in symbiotic behavior. Key Words: Anonymity, Social Solidarity, COVID-19.
References
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2. Anderson, B. (1983). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.
3. Argyle, M., & Luo , L. (1990). The happiness of extraverts.Personality and Individual Differences . Personality , 11(10), 1011–17. doi:doi:10.1016/0191-8869(90)90128-E
4. Arto , L., & Anne , B. P. (2018, January 21). SOLIDARITY: THEORY AND PRACTICE. AN INTRODUCTION, pp. 1-30.
5. Bierhoff, H. W., & Detlef, F. (2006). Prosocial and Solidary Behavior: A Comparison of Framing Theory with. New York: Springer.
6. Boston , I. D. (2020, March 27). Boston’s Infectious Disease Specialists’ Message to the Public: Fighting Coronavirus Is a Sprint—and a Marathon. 1-18.
7. Brewer , M. B. (1999). The Psychology of Prejudice: Ingroup Love and Outgroup Hate? Journal of Social Issues, 55(3), 429–44.
8. Calhoun, C. (2002). Imagining Solidarity: Cosmopolitanism, ConstitutionalPatriotism, and the Public Sphere. Public Culture. 14(1), 161-62.
9. Caner, D. F. (2018, 6 26). Clemency, a Neglected Aspect of Early Christian Philanthropy. Religions, 9(8), 229. doi:Doi: 10.3390/rel9080229
10. Cureton, A. (2012). Solidarity and Social Moral Rules.” Ethical Theory and Moral Practice". 15, 691–706.
11. David , F. B., & Kathryn , D. K. (2004). Introduction to Personality Study. Advanced Personality.
12. De Beer, P. (2009). Sticking Together or Falling Apart?: Solidarity in an Era ofIndividualization and Globalization. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
13. Fararo , T., & Patrick , D. (1998). The Theory of Solidarity: An Agendaof Problems.”in The Problem of Solidarity: Theories and Models. (P. D. Fararo, Ed.) New York: Routledge.
14. Farnsworth, B. (2019). Human Behavior: The Complete Pocket Guide. Copenhagen: iMotions.
15. Feick, L F; Price, L L. (1987). The market maven: A diffuser of marketplace information. The Journal of Marketing, 51(1), 83-97.
16. Feick, L. F., & Price, L. L. (1987). The market maven: A diffuser of marketplace information. The Journal of Marketing, 51(1), 83-97.
17. Fleeson, W. (2004). Moving personality beyond the person-situation debate: The challenge and the opportunity of within-person variability". Current Directions in Psychological Science (Vol. 13). New York. doi:doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00280.x
18. Hayne, S. C., & Rice, R. E. (1997). Attribution accuracy when using anonymity in group support systems. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 47, 429-452.
19. Hechter, M. (1987). Principles of Group Solidarity. Berkeley: University of California Press.
20. Hemakumara, G., & Rainis, R. (2018). Spatial behaviour modelling of unauthorised housing in Colombo. Journal of Humanities, 25(2), 91–107. doi:https://doi.org/10.21315/kajh2018.25.2.5
21. Hur, A. (2017, Feb 45 ). Is There an Intrinsic Duty to Vote? Comparative Evidence from East and West Germans. Electoral Studies, 55–62.
22. John , W. B. (2000). Cross-cultural psychology: A symbiosis of cultural and comparative approaches. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 3, 197–205.
23. Joinson, A. N. (2000). Self-disclosure in computer-mediated communication: the role of self-awareness and visual anonymity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 177–192.
24. Komter, A. (2005). Social Solidarity and the Gift. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
25. Kugihara, N. (2001). Effects of aggressive behaviour and group size on collective escape in an emergency: A test between a social identity model and deindividuation theory. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 575-598.
26. Lea, M., Spears, R., & deGroot, D. (2001). Knowing me, knowing you: anonymity effects on social identity processes within groups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(5), 526–537.
27. Lindenberg, S. (2006). Prosocial Behaviour, Solidarity, andFraming Processes, in Solidarity and Prosocial Behaviour. An Integration of Sociological and Psychological Perspectives. New York: Springer.
28. May, L. (1996). The Socially Responsive Self: Social Theory and Professional Ethics. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
29. May, Larry. (2007). The International Community, Solidarity and The Duty to Aid. Journal of Social Philosophy, 38, 185-203.
30. McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1987). Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 81-90.
31. Melani, C., & Evan , L. (2020, March 30 30). Building Solidarity: Challenges, Options, and Implications for COVID-19 Responses. COVID-19 Rapid Response Impact Initiative . White Paper 4.
32. Monroe , K. R. (1994). A Fat Lady in a Corset—Altruism and Social Theory. American Journal of Political Science, 38(4), 861-93.
33. Putnam, R. D. (2001). Bowling Alone: the Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
34. Reicher, S. D., Spears, R., & Postmes, T. (1995). A social identity model of deindividuation phenomena. In W. Strobe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology (pp.161-198) . UK, Chichester : Wiley.
35. Rogers, R., & Prentice , D. S. (1981). Deindividuation and Anger- Mediated interracial Aggression. Journal of personality and social psychology, 41(1), 63-73.
36. Scholz, S. (2008). Political Solidarity. University Park, The Pennsylvania State: University Press.
37. Spears, R., & Lea, M. (1992). Social influence and the influence of the ‘‘social’’ in computer-mediated communication. In M. Lea (Ed.), Contexts of computer-mediated communication . London:: Harvester-Wheatsheaf.
38. Spears, R; Lea, M; Corneliussen, R. (2002). Computer-mediated communication as a channel for social resistance: the strategic side of SIDE. Small Group Research, (Vol. 33).
39. Tyler, T. R. (2003). Procedural Justice, Legitimacy, and the Effective Rule of Law. Crime and Justice, 30, 283–357.
40. Wildt, A. (1999). Solidarity: Its History and Contemporary DefinitionIts History and Contemporary Definition. Philosophical Studies, 5, 209-222.
41. نت العربية . (15 مارس, 2020). فيروس كورونا. تم الاسترداد من دبي - العربية نت: https://www.alarabiya.net/coronavirus/2020/03/15/
Published
2021-04-16
How to Cite
Dr. Noha Aref Ali Qassem. (2021). Anonymity in Social Symbiosis and its Relation to the Social and Economic Background during the Protective Lockdown of Covid- 19 among a Sample of Food Baskets Donors in Baghdad. International Journal on Humanities and Social Sciences, (20), 257-270. https://doi.org/10.33193/IJoHSS.20.2021.230
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